meri saheli magazine

meri saheli magazine

meri saheli magazine  Published this article page no  21 Allegations of white phosphorus munitions being used by Russia and Ukraine are emerging. What is white phosphorus? It is a colourless white or yellow waxy solid. Occurrence It does not occur naturally. It is manufactured using phosphate rocks.  It is a highly combustible substance that reacts with oxygen in the air.  It can catch fire at temperatures as low as 10 to 15 degrees above room temperature.  Due to its combustible nature every country has strict regulations regarding its manufacturing and handling. Applications It is used mainly in the military and other applications may include as a component in fertilisers food additives and cleaning compounds. Initially it was also used in pesticides and fireworks but many countries have banned its use in several sectors. Is White Phosphorus an incendiary or chemical weapon? WP has not been categorised as an incendiary or chemical weapon by international agencies.  The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons which is an intergovernmental organisation and the implementing body for the Chemical Weapons Convention has not listed WP in any of the three Schedules of Chemical Weapons. However the United Nations considers it as an incendiary chemical. The general regulations of Protocol III on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Incendiary Weapons may apply when it is used in military actions.  Protocol III specifically mentions it is not applicable on munitions that are illuminants tracers smoke or signalling systems thus making it confusing for many if the use of WP can be considered a war crime or not. Protocol III specifically does not ban the use of White Phosphorous in military action. It only restricts its use near the civilian population. Concerns The main reason behind WP being considered incendiary is its effect on humans.  When WP comes in contact with the human skin it can cause both thermal and chemical burns.  It can produce several chemicals when it comes in contact with the skin such as phosphorus pentoxide that reacts with water in the skin and produces phosphoric acid that is highly corrosive meri saheli magazine buy. 

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shine india monthly magazine

shine india monthly magazine

shine india monthly magazine Published this article page no 16  However there is a risk of military or political abuse. For example the corridors can be used to smuggle weapons and fuel into besieged cities. Who gets access? Access to humanitarian corridors is determined by the parties to the conflict. Its usually limited to neutral actors the UN or aid organizations such as the Red Cross.  They also determine the length of time the area and which means of transport — trucks buses or planes — are allowed to use the corridor.  In rare cases humanitarian corridors are only organized by one of the parties to the conflict. This happened with the American airlift after the Berlin blockade by the Soviet Union in 19481949. The latest edition of Democracy Report was released recently by the VDem Institute at Swedens University of Gothenburg.  The study was titled Democracy Report 2022 Autocratisation Changing Nature? About the report The report classifies countries into four regime types based on their score in the Liberal Democratic Index (LDI) Liberal Democracy Electoral Democracy Electoral Autocracy and Closed Autocracy. General Observations  More than twice as many countries are undergoing Autocratisation as are witnessing democratization.  The level of democracy enjoyed by the average global citizen in 2021 is down to 1989 levels with the democratic gains of the postCold War period eroding rapidly in the last few years.  Autocratisation is spreading rapidly with a record of 33 countries autocratising.  The level of democracy enjoyed by the average global citizen in 2021 is down to 1989 levels shine india monthly magazine buy. 

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meri saheli magazine online

meri saheli magazine online

meri saheli magazine online Published this article page no  31 Surat was plundered by him for the second time in 1670.He also captured all his lost territories by his conquests.In 1674 Shivaji crowned himself at Raigarh and assumed the title Chatrapathi. Administrative Policies He laid the foundations of a sound system of administration. The king was the pivot of the government. He was assisted by a council of ministers called Ashtapradhan.Peshwa – Finance and general administration. Later he became the prime minister.SariNaubat or Senapati – Military commander an honorary post.Amatya – Accountant General.Waqenavis – Intelligence posts and household affairs.Sachiv – Correspondence.Sumanta – Master of ceremonies.Nyayadish – Justice.Panditarao – Charities and religious administration. Revenue PoliciesLands were measured by using the measuring rod called kathi. Lands were also classified into three categories – paddy fields garden lands and hilly tracks.Taxes Chauth and sardeshmukhi were the taxes collected not in the Maratha kingdom but in the neighbouring territories of the Mughal empire or Deccan sultanates.  11 ○ Chauth was one fourth of the land revenue paid to the Marathas in order to avoid the Maratha raids. ○ Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of ten percent on those lands which the Marathas claimed hereditary rights. Shivaji was a man of military genius and his army was well organized There were two divisions in the Maratha cavalryBargirs equipped and paid by the stateSilahdars maintained by the nobles. In the infantry the Mavli foot soldiers played an important role. Insta Curious Do you know about Taanaji Malusare and the Battle of Singhagad? Reference read this meri saheli magazine online buy.

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shine india subscription

shine india subscription

shine india subscription Published this article page no 30  4. Row over the Shivaji statue in Telanganas Bodhan town Context Section 144 has been imposed in Bodhan town in Telangana after protests turned violent over the installation of a statue of Chhatrapati.  10 About Shivaji Born at Shivner in 1627. Father Shahji Bhonsle. Mother Jija Bai. Inherited the jagir of Poona from his father in 1637. Achievements of Chhatrapati Shivaji Initial phaseHe first conquered Raigarh Kondana and Torna from the ruler of Bijapur.After the death of his guardian Dadaji Kondadev in 1647 Shivaji assumed full charge of his jagir.He captured Javli from a Maratha chief Chanda Rao More. This made him the master of Mavala region.In 1657 he attacked the Bijapur kingdom and captured a number of hill forts in the Konkan region.The Sultan of Bijapur sent Afzal Khan against Shivaji. But Afzal Khan was murdered by Shivaji in 1659 in a daring manner. Military Conquests of ShivajiShivajis military conquests made him a legendary figure in the Maratha region. The Mughal emperor Aurangazeb was anxiously watching the rise of Maratha power under Shivaji.Aurangzeb sent the Mughal governor of the Deccan Shaista Khan against Shivaji. Shivaji suffered a defeat at the hands of the Mughal forces and lost Poona.But Shivaji once again made a bold attack on Shaista Khans military camp at Poona in 1663 killed his son and wounded Khan.In 1664 Shivaji attacked Surat the chief port of the Mughals and plundered it.A second attempt was made by Aurangzeb to defeat Shivaji by sending Raja Jai Singh of Amber. He succeeded in besieging the fort of Purander. Treaty of Purander 1665According to the treaty Shivaji had to surrender 23 forts to the Mughals out of 35 forts held by him.The remaining 12 forts were to be left to Shivaji on condition of service and loyalty to Mughal empire.On the other hand the Mughals recognized the right of Shivaji to hold certain parts of the Bijapur kingdom. Renewed war against Mughals shine india subscription buy.

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banking service chronicle magazine

banking service chronicle magazine

banking servicechronicle magazine Published this article page no  14 Tarapur Massacre Bihar will commemorate February 15 as Shahid Diwas in memory of the 34 freedom fighters who were killed by the British in Tarapur (1932).It was the biggest massacre carried out by the British after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (Amritsar 1919).It happened when a group of young freedom fighters planned to hoist an Indian national flag at Thana Bhavan during a protest. Causes of protestArrest of Mahatma Gandhi following collapse of the GandhiIrwin Pact (1932).Hanging of Bhagat Singh Sukhdev and Rajguru in Lahore (1931).Arrest of Nehru Patel and Rajendra Prasad. Falkland islands China has backed Argentinas claim over Britishrun Falkland Islands. LocationFalkland islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom located to the southwest Atlantic Ocean at the southernmost point of South America.Positioned both in the southern and western hemispheres of the Earth.  159They are also called Malvinas Islands. Argentinas claimsThe British in 1765 were the first to settle West Falkland but they were driven off in 1770 by the Spanish.The British outpost on West Falkland was restored in 1771 after threat of war but then the British withdrew from the island in 1774 for economic reasons without renouncing their claim to the Falklands.Spain maintained a settlement on East Falkland (which it called Soledad Island) until 1811.In 1820 the Argentina Government which had declared its independence from Spain in 1816 proclaimed its sovereignty over the Falklands. Despite wars and discussions at the United Nations the issue of sovereignty remains a point of contention. Crytodactylus exercitus A team of herpetologists have recorded a new species of benttoed gecko from a wooded part of the Umroi Military Station in Meghalaya.Its scientific name is Crytodactylus exercitus and English name is Indian Armys benttoed gecko.India is now home to 40 species of the benttoed gecko with the northeast accounting for 16 of them. Great Backyard Bird Count (GBBC) The GBBC is a global event entailing backyard bird count and is being held for four days across the world from February 18 to 21 and the data uploaded will be harnessed for conservation.It is an online citizen science or community science project that was first launched in 1998 by Cornell Lab of Ornithology and National Audubon Society.It is being coordinated in India by ebird India and BirdcountIndia.The exercise helps to provide a snapshot of the bird population and throws light on the ecosystem supporting itbanking service chronicle magazine buy.

banking service chronicle magazine

junior science refresher magazine

junior science refresher magazine

junior science refresher magazine  Published this article page no  45 WholeofGovernment Focus The objectives outlined in Indias Arctic Policy are to be implemented through an Action Plan and a governance and review mechanism consisting of an interministerial Empowered Arctic Policy Group (EAPG) This mechanism is likely to enable better analysis prediction and coordinated approach in the Government of India lend policy coherence to the region and will result in better realisation of Indias strategic military and economic interests. On the whole Indias Arctic Policy is timely and is likely to provide a direction to Indias policymakers on contours of Indias engagement with the region. It is the first step towards developing a wholeofgovernment approach on Indias engagement with the region.  The Policy is likely to have a multiplier effect towards a more synergised and focused scientific research including an enhanced understanding of linkages between monsoons and climate change in the Arctic and between polar studies and the Himalayas.  Thus Indias Arctic Policy is deftly dovetailed enmeshed and in synergy with the broader policy framework of the Government of India  World over activists of Extinction Rebellion are staging protests in various formats. What is the Extinction Rebellion also referred to as XR?  Initially launched in the United Kingdom on October 31 2018 as a response to a report by the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).  Now it is a global movement which seeks to rebel and asks groups to selforganise without the need for  160 anyones permission to come up with collective action plans as long as they adhere to the groups core principles and values.  It is a decentralised international and politically nonpartisan movement using nonviolent direct action and civil disobedience to persuade governments to act justly on the Climate and Ecological Emergency. The group has three core demands of governments around the world junior science refresher magazine buy.

junior science refresher magazine

junior science refresher magazine

junior science refresher magazine

junior science refresher magazine  Published this article page no  44 Enhancing understanding of the impact of climate change in the Arctic on Indias climate economic and energy security.  159  Contributing better analysis prediction and coordinated policymaking on the implications of ice melting in the Arctic on Indias economic military and strategic interests related to global shipping routes energy security and exploitation of mineral wealth.  Studying linkages between polar regions and the Himalayas.  Deepen cooperation between India and countries of the Arctic region under various Arctic forums drawing expertise from scientific and traditional knowledge.  Increase Indias participation in the Arctic Council and improve understanding of the complex governance structures in the Arctic relevant international laws and geopolitics of the region Does this Indias Arctic Policy Address the Gaps?  Scientific Orientation Indias Arctic Policy has gone beyond the hithertofore purely scientific approach. While the primary focus is still scientific the six pillars address all the aspects of Arctic relevant to India including climate change and environment economic and human resources and geopolitical and strategic aspects. This would likely make Indias engagement with the Arctic more broadbased and enable a holistic approac  Funding The Policy declares that its implementation will be based on allocation of requisite resources. With the enhancement of a multidisciplinary approach to the Arctic it is hoped that budgetary support to Indias scientific Arctic endeavours will be substantially augmented.  Polar Research Vessel The intent articulated in the Arctic Policy of acquiring a dedicated iceclass Polar Research Vessel will hasten the process and provide impetus to Indias Arctic Programme junior science refresher magazine buy.

junior science refresher magazine